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Intoxication

Nothing has the potential to cause more tragedy and heartbreak than driving while intoxicated. Intoxication literally means "to poison yourself." Intoxication is the poisoning of the human system with alcohol or other drugs, creating excitement or stupefaction. This results in an impairment of judgment, reason, and psychomotor skills, all of which are essential to driving safely. Driving while under the influence of an intoxicant is the same as playing "Russian Roulette." There is a bullet in the chamber; and if it does not kill you one time, it most certainly will, eventually.

Would you ever drive knowing you were intoxicated? If your answer is "no," then pay close attention to the information contained next. It could save your life and the lives of others. If your answer was "Yes," then I hope that when you are injured or killed, it will be only you and not involve any innocent parties. Unfortunately, statistics suggest that in most alcohol-related collisions, the sad fact is that innocent others will be involved.

This section is intended to teach you how alcohol affects you and should motivate you to take the subject of "driving under the influence" seriously. The least of your concerns should be getting arrested, going to jail, and losing your license. Instead, you should be much more concerned with the very real possibility of killing innocent people and/or yourself!

The good thing is that drivers do appear to be getting the message. Since 1980, alcohol- and drug-related collisions have been decreasing. For example, in 1980, there were 51,901 people killed on our roads. At least 28,000 of those deaths were directly caused by alcohol and drug intoxication. In other words, 54 percent of those deaths could have been prevented. That means that 28,000 people would be alive to take care of their kids, enjoy their lives, and have the potential to contribute to our society. Remember, that is just one year! The good news is that in 1998, of the 41,471 deaths reported, only 15,935 were alcohol- and drug-related. However, the families of those killed derive little comfort from our statistics. The parent of a child run down by a drunk driver finds little joy in missing that child. When you are looking at almost 16,000 people killed, that is still far too many people dying. So, while the total number of fatalities is decreasing annually, alcohol and drug intoxication continues to cause traffic fatalities and injuries. As of 1998, drinking drivers were involved in 38% of U.S. fatal traffic crashes.

Killing someone while driving under the influence cannot be considered an accident. It can be and has been charged in the courts as murder. Injuring another person while driving under the influence is chargeable as a felony.

Alcohol

Regardless of what form it comes in - beer, wine, or distilled spirits - alcohol has the same effect. It is a central nervous system (CNS) depressant. CNS depressants retard the bodily functions controlled by the brain. This includes judgment, reason, memory, speech, muscle movement, and the emotional states that control muscle tension and movement. At low levels, the drinker feels more relaxed and less inhibited; he finds it easier to enjoy himself. Along with alcohol's depressant effects, it exaggerates personality traits by reducing the inhibitions controlling those traits. It is as if one part of the brain says, "Go for it," and the other part says, "Think about it." Alcohol puts the "think about it" part to sleep and allows only the "go for it" part to be dominant.

Alcohol and Driving

Alcohol has a more pronounced effect on novice drinkers, who have not yet developed a tolerance for it. The effects of drinking will occur sooner and be exaggerated when they appear. The mood you are in also affects the symptoms you gain from drinking. If you are extremely tense, it may take longer to notice the effect. It will have the same effect; it just takes longer to notice it. Since alcohol reduces inhibitions, strong emotion and alcohol can be dangerous. Getting intoxicated when you are very angry or depressed could have devastating consequences as you will do things you would not do when sober. How does alcohol cause collisions? As you drink, feeding the process of intoxication, the CNS depressant effects of alcohol begin to appear.

Impaired Vision: Depth perception is distorted, and pupillary response time is retarded (your pupils do not react to light as quickly). As a driver, you cannot judge distances as well, and lights may blind you.

Impaired Coordination: Muscular coordination is impaired, causing problems with coordinated movement. Steering, brake, and accelerator use is handicapped.

Impaired Judgment and Reason: Problem-solving and decision-making skills are adversely affected. Oddly enough, the intoxicated person often feels these skills are just fine, perhaps even enhanced. You are the last person to decide that you can still drive. When intoxicated, you do things you would not normally do and chance things you would not normally chance. These are dangerous characteristics for someone behind the wheel of a car.

Impaired Memory: Under the influence of alcohol, you forget where you are going and why you are going there. You forget appointments; you forget recent events. You forget how to drive safely and, in truth, could not drive safely even if you did remember.

Question: If I just kept drinking, what would happen?

Answer: You would die.

Motor functions would deteriorate, and consciousness would be impaired to the point of unconsciousness. If you drank enough prior to passing out, you would lapse into permanent unconsciousness. You would quit breathing. Respiratory functions would deteriorate so badly that you would die of oxygen starvation. Alcoholic intoxication is a toxic poisonous reaction. Remember what the word means. In-toxic-ation. The act of poisoning yourself.

Being Intoxicated is Not Funny

 All of us have laughed at some comedian's portrayal of a drunk. But, believe me, being drunk is not funny. As stated, almost 16,000 people died in alcohol-related crashes in 1998. That figure represents 38 percent of all traffic fatalities. About 300,000 people are seriously injured each year in alcohol-related crashes.

Over half of those killed were drinking drivers. In 1998, 30 percent of all traffic fatalities occurred in crashes in which at least one driver or non-occupant had a BAC of 0.10% or greater. Seventy percent of the 12,456 people killed in such crashes were themselves intoxicated. Many believe that the drinking driver kills only others. The truth is that he kills himself, too. Sixty percent of all the people killed between the hours of midnight and four in the morning were killed in alcohol-related crashes. More than one-third (34 percent) of all pedestrians 16 years of age or older killed in traffic crashes in 1998 were intoxicated. If people dying does not motivate you to take the subject seriously, how about the fact that approximately twenty-five cents of every dollar you spend for automobile insurance goes to pay for damage done by drunk drivers?

How Do You Know When You've Had Enough?

How do you know when you've had too much? Asking someone intoxicated if he or she has had "enough" is a wasted effort. Most people do not have the judgment to make that decision once they are intoxicated. You are asking someone with impaired judgment and reason to use judgment and reason. Sort of foolish, isn't it? You need a standard for judging intoxication that is independent of your "feelings" when you have been drinking. That standard is "Blood Alcohol Content" (BAC). By understanding BAC, you can know when enough is enough.

Blood Alcohol Content (BAC)

Blood Alcohol Content is an indication of how many milligrams of alcohol per 100 milliliters of blood (in milligrams percent) are in the body. In Virginia, a BAC of .08 is considered legally drunk. That means if you are driving with that concentration of alcohol in your blood, you are subject to arrest, fines, confinement, and/or loss of license. If you are under the age of twenty-one, you are considered legally drunk if your BAC is .02. In other words, since it is illegal for someone under the age of twenty-one to be drinking in the first place, the slightest trace of alcohol in his or her blood constitutes legal intoxication. To understand BAC, keep these standards in mind.

A standard drink of alcohol is:

• One-and-one-half ounces of liquor such as Bourbon, Scotch, Vodka, etc. (40% alcohol or 80-proof)
• One five-ounce glass of table wine (12% alcohol)
• One 12-ounce container of beer (5% alcohol)

Note: One standard drink of hard liquor is a "jigger," which is one-and-a-half ounces. Some table wines have more than the typical 12% alcohol, and some imported beers have higher alcohol content. A 12-ounce container of beer has the same amount of alcohol as a mixed drink made with one-and-a-half ounces of 80-proof liquor. Ten beers are the equivalent of ten standard mixed drinks!

Alcohol Absorption

Alcohol is the only ingested substance that undergoes no digestion. Once it is in your stomach, it is absorbed directly into the bloodstream. Time, body weight, and stomach contents affect absorption rates.

Time: Alcohol is a fuel the body burns up fairly quickly. But not quickly enough in many instances since drinkers underestimate the amount of time needed to burn the alcohol they have ingested. The liver is the organ responsible for burning alcohol, and, as you might already know, cirrhosis of the liver can be a side effect of alcoholism. In an adult male with good liver function, the liver can process approximately one ounce of alcohol an hour. The average rate of metabolism will metabolize 0.015% BAC per hour. This means that the average adult male body can dissipate one drink in about one-and-one-quarter hours. For the average adult female it takes about one-and-one-half hours to dissipate one standard drink. So, theoretically, if you are male and have one standard drink of alcohol at 7:00 p.m., your blood alcohol at 8:15 p.m. will be 0.00. For an average woman it will take until 8:30 p.m.

Body Size: Another important factor in your blood alcohol content is your body size. Body mass and blood volume affect the amount of alcohol in a person's bloodstream and therefore the time it takes for a person to feel the effects of alcohol. In general, the bigger you are, the more alcohol you can consume. If a 200-pound person and a 100-pound person drink the same amount of alcohol in the same time period, the smaller person will become intoxicated quite a bit before the larger person.

Stomach Content: Since alcohol has to be absorbed to have an effect, anything slowing the absorption will slow the effect. Taking alcohol on an empty stomach guarantees an almost immediate effect as the alcohol hits the blood and quickly goes to the brain. Here, it initiates its effects. "Don't drink on an empty stomach" is good advice. However, just because the food is slowing absorption, do not mislead yourself to think it is preventing absorption. The effects of alcohol you drink on a full stomach will be the same. It will just take a little longer.

Small amounts of alcohol are eliminated through sweat, breath, and urine leaving the body unchanged as alcohol; but the main way the body disposes of alcohol is through chemically breaking it down. This process occurs at a steady metabolic rate, and nothing hastens it. Nothing. Not cold showers, exercise, or hot coffee. If you give a drunk coffee hoping the caffeine will sober him, all you will have is a wide-awake drunk.

So How Much Is Too Much?

This estimator is only a guide and is not considered accurate enough to use as legal evidence. The figures given are averages. People will vary somewhat in their personal alcohol tolerance. There are also many factors that affect the rate alcohol is absorbed into the bloodstream, such as food in the stomach. Other influential factors include medications, health, lean body mass, and psychological conditions.

Notice some interesting facts. If you are a 100-pound female, you are probably legally drunk after two drinks. If you are a 200-pound male, you will be legally drunk after four drinks. You should wait a couple of hours to sober up completely before driving. For safety sake don't test your limits and try to drive. It's a test you could fail, and failure could mean you life and the lives of innocent others. Although this concept is difficult in some circles, any alcohol before driving should be avoided. Protect yourself and others, if you will be drinking, don't drive or use a designated driver. And consider being a designated driver yourself!

 

ALCOHOL IS NOT THE ONLY INTOXICANT

For you to fully understand other drugs and their impact on driving and other activities, it is necessary to explain drug categories and the effect each has on the human body.

"Over The Counter" Drugs (OTC)

When it comes to driving, even some of the drugs you buy at the local pharmacy can be dangerous. They can have just as damaging an effect as illicit drugs on your driving ability. In particular, the antihistamines can cause a debilitating impact on a person's consciousness and muscle control. Antihistamines, commonly found in many cold and allergy remedies, can cause confusion, lack of concentration, drowsiness, blurred vision, and/or dizziness. Always read the warning label of any over-the-counter drug and closely follow the instructions. These directions will warn you of any symptoms affecting the operation of a motor vehicle.

Marijuana

Disregarding any argument as to whether or not marijuana is safe to use in general, this section deals only with the effects of marijuana as they relate to driving responses. There are still many unknowns about marijuana, yet some things are clear. Marijuana distorts our time-space perception, disturbs decision-making, and retards reflexes. Studies confirm that a marijuana user takes longer to discern an emergency situation and responds to it more slowly once it is discerned. But here is the insidious, most damning evidence against marijuana use and driving. Marijuana users react much more slowly to driving hazards yet perceive that they are reacting much more quickly. On the stopwatch, they are slower. In their minds, they are faster. In terms of driving safely, that effect is frighteningly dangerous.

Amphetamines

Whether taken by prescription or illegally, this group of drugs poses immense potential for abuse. Amphetamines are used as appetite depressants and commonly used to combat fatigue and drowsiness. Amphetamines produce an artificial feeling of well-being and confidence. The user feels great and mistakenly thinks that he can accomplish anything. This creates a propensity to take risks a rational person would avoid. As the drug wears off, the user experiences a sense that he or she is being drained of all energy, and this "rebound" effect can totally deplete concentration and control. When this happens, the common solution is just to take more, thinking that the drug will help give the person the energy he has lost.

Continued use of amphetamines will cause a nervous, fidgety, "hyper" state, which will be accompanied by tension and irritability. Frequent use leads to an increased tolerance, which will then force the user to take larger doses to obtain the same effect. The frequent user will see these symptoms become chronic as a psychological dependency takes control of the user's personality. Long-term use can also lead to physical and neurological deterioration.

How would you like to drive on the same road with another driver having these symptoms? In driving, there is already enough tension and irritability without increasing it even more from a drug. Do not become that driver. Be the kind of driver you want everyone else to be - responsible, considerate, and no threat to the safety of others.

Cocaine

As it relates to driving, cocaine affects users very much in the same way amphetamines do. But to compound the danger, cocaine can also produce hallucinations. Having hallucinations is probably not a great idea when you are traveling down the road at perhaps 65 miles per hour. The last place drivers would want to be is on a highway with some other driver speeding toward them just having had an attack of the "cocaine bugs."

Barbiturates

Barbiturates are more commonly known as sedatives. They can be found in many sleeping medications. But they may also be included in medicines for hypertension, mental illness, and chronic tension states. One can also find them used in medicines treating seizure disorders. Whereas amphetamines accelerate neurological functions, barbiturates depress them. Abusers frequently alternate between the two, using amphetamines to pick them up and barbiturates to bring them down. A more destructive one-two punch is hard to imagine.

Large doses of barbiturates will lead to large depressant effects. They can produce a stuporous (sleep-like) condition in which reasoning ability and psychomotor coordination are impaired. They tend to aggravate the user's mental state, which can result in a range all the way from highly aggressive to seriously depressed reactions. This is very similar to alcohol use since both are depressants. Combined with alcohol, they can provide a quick trip to the morgue. Barbiturate users are extremely dangerous behind the wheel of a car. The drug makes drivers unpredictable and inconsistent.

Opiates and other Narcotics

Opiates come in many forms. Heroin, codeine, and morphine are the most common, but there are many synthetic types available on the street. But no matter what form they come in, they all are disastrous inside any driver of a motor vehicle. Any of these opiates can alter driving behavior through hallucinations, drowsiness, or unconsciousness. The side effects can be so severe that the consequence for using them while driving can be death of the user and/or innocent parties.

Mind-Altering Drugs

Any rational person would need no argument to convince him or her that driving under an alternative reality is not going to produce safe driving. Unfortunately, most who go down the path of drug destruction have long since ceased to be rational. Drugs, such as LSD or the many other designer drugs available on the street, turn the average driver into a death machine.

Synergistic Effects

The word "synergism" refers to the interaction of agents that result in the sum of the reaction becoming greater than the sum of the parts. To put it in simpler terms, synergy results when 2 + 2 = 10. Some drugs, when taken together, have a combined effect greater than the effect of each drug taken separately. One drug taken in a small dose might provide relief of symptoms but taken in combination with another drug could result in death. Even prescribed drugs can have a debilitating effect on your driving ability, especially when taken in conjunction with other drugs or alcohol. Be sure to read all the warnings on the label about the effects of any drugs you take, whether they be over-the-counter or prescribed.

The most dangerous synergies are produced when alcohol and other drugs are combined. A glass of wine ingested alone before driving may cause no aberrations in driving behavior. A glass of wine ingested with an allergy pill could cause a fatal drowsiness. For example, let's say that a person takes a barbiturate, such as Seconal, and, at the same time, drinks a can of beer. A responsible person would wait an hour before driving, thinking that in that time, the liver would have dissipated the alcohol. But what the user would not realize is that it will take four hours for the liver to dissipate the Seconal. When this person began to drive after the hour, he would still encounter the problems depressants would cause even though in his mind he thought he was trying to be careful. In taking more than one drug simultaneously, or within a few hours of each other, a person must always be aware of possible synergistic effects. So what is the solution? Simply never combine legal drugs without the approval of your physician. And, of course, never take illicit drugs, do not ever combine them with other drugs or alcohol, and, finally, never drive in either case.

INTOXICATION AND THE LAW

The legal system is now beginning to take a hard-line approach to driving under the influence. The number of traffic fatalities combined with the influence of organizations like Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) has resulted in tough new penalties. New legislation reflects society's changing attitude toward the drunk driver. Between 1982 and 1985, 493 new laws targeting drunk drivers were passed. In the following, you can read about some of the changes:

• Age 21 is now the legal drinking age in all fifty states.
• Most states now have an illegal Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) limit of .08.
• Most states now have "sobriety checkpoints" where police officers randomly check for intoxicated drivers.
• In most states, a person now convicted of causing personal injury, death, or property damage while driving under the influence must pay restitution to victims, whether it be directly or to an established general fund.
• Preliminary breath tests are legal in about half of all states.
• Currently, in most states, refusal to submit to tests for alcohol use is admissible in a court of law as condemning evidence.
• In most states, drunken driving resulting in a death is now prosecuted as felony vehicular homicide or vehicular manslaughter but may be charged as murder if there are aggravating factors.
• You must not drink any alcoholic beverage in any vehicle you are driving or riding in. You may not carry on yourself, or have in the vehicle, any opened container with alcohol inside. Any container of liquor, beer, or wine in the vehicle must be full, unopened, and have an intact seal. Anything with a broken seal should be placed in the vehicle's trunk or be completely out of the passenger compartment. In many areas it is illegal to have an unsealed alcoholic beverage in the glove compartment.

Driving while intoxicated is a serious offense and could negatively impact the rest of a driver's life, not to mention the lives of others affected, such as their parents, children, spouses, or the victims of crashes.

The Penalties for Refusing a Sobriety Test

Accepting your driver's license in most states is your legal consent to submit to tests of your blood, breath, or urine if you are suspected of being intoxicated while driving. If you fail to complete or refuse to take the tests, you will be punished by suspension of your license for 7 days and up to one year. These punishments may be in addition to other legal actions taken against the convicted driver.

The Penalties for Driving Under the Influence (DUI)

If a driver is convicted of driving under the influence, there are serious consequences. The consequences vary, depending on whether a driver is under 21 years of age or over 21 years of age. If the individual has had previous convictions, the penalties become harsher.

If drivers are under 21 years of age, it is against the law to purchase or drink alcoholic beverages. So, the law says that if their BAC is .02% or over, they are presumed drunk. That effectively means that any trace of alcohol in their blood when driving is considered drunk driving. If caught driving with a BAC of .02% or more and less than .08% the driver can be fined up to $500 and have his/her license suspended up to six months. Whether you like it or not, that is the way it is. So, why is it so punitive?

The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety has compiled statistics revealing that 28% of highway crashes where someone was killed by a driver between 17 and 19 years of age involved alcohol levels of .10% or higher. The plain, unvarnished truth is that young drivers have the most accidents, and young drunk drivers are the worst. They are responsible for a disproportionate percentage of deaths, injuries, and damage to property. In 1998, 1,128 drunk drivers from the age of fifteen to nineteen were involved in injury crashes in Virginia, and another 36 were involved in fatal crashes.

If you are under 18 years of age, your risk of a fatal accident is about 2 1/2 times that of the "average" driver, and your risk of an injury accident is 3 times higher than that of the average driver.

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